How PG Tripled Its Innovation Success Rate - Free Essay Example

Strategic Innovation Management Innovation at Procter and Gamble How PG Tripled Its Innovation Success Rate In recent years, innovation is the significant topic that many companies have to concern because they create and develop new ideas of innovation to improve their performance and compete with competitors. PG is one of the company that depend on innovation both in organizations and products. That results PG to be the most successful company and famous innovator in the business world. This essays will analyze and explore the details of à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“How PG tripled its innovation success rateà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  and draw out helpful lessons for others. The structure of the essay is as follows. First, it briefly summarizes key points of this paper on the role of innovation. Second, determining strengths and weaknesses in the organizationà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s approach to innovation. In addition, theory and research ,which used by PG; Connect and Development program, Disruptive-innovation theory, six lessons for leaders to build new-growth factories, will be described in this essay. After that, the essay concludes with advising for the company about dealing with strengths and weaknesses and give advice to a practicing innovation manager. From reading the case study, the main point is that PG is a well-known company in innovation aspects, however only 15 percent of its innovations were meeting their revenue, profit targets in the early 2000s. Therefore the company system atize their innovation by building organizational structures that related to them. In addition, PG take an innovation to be a backbone of PGà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s growth and combined innovation and strategy assessments together now. Those lead the companyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s revenue to nearly double in the 2010s. The source of inspiration of the company began in the 1870s when Thomas Edison created the worldà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s first industrial research lab which called Menlo Park. It generated many new technologies and ideas for PG. Furthermore, companyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s leaders not only take into account about financial goal of innovation, but also they thinks about an emotional components that are the source of inspiration and motivate people. One reason of their successful is that PG has divided formulations for emerging markets and are interested in need of them. This causes of the greater benefit at lower cost. Regarding innovation, PG focuses has fewer factories but bigger initia tives to sharply increase innovation outputs. They set the team to drive three critical improvements: increased its emphasis on an intermediate category, strengthened organizational supports for the formulation of transformational-sustaining and disruptive businesses, and revamped its strategy development and review process by linking company business and innovation strategies. On the one hand, PG has many strengths in the approach of innovation. Firstly, the company created new-growth factory that combined the creativity of Edisonà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s lab with the speed and reliability. This results PG to capture innovative opportunities by using their ability. Secondly, the company invest a lot in RD to research about innovations and bring them to develop their company. Besides, PG launched a new program that called Connect and Develop, which is the output from the company research, to bring in the innovation outside the company (Huston and Sakkab, 2006). The last strength of inn ovation in PG is that the company coordinates innovations through several leaders to confirm that strategy are cohesive and resources are allocated in the right way. On the other hand, the company has some weakness points of innovation to be considered. The main gap is the cost that company invest to discover their new ideas or innovations. PG spends 2 billion dollar every year on RD that is very high expense of company, so it reduces profit more than others expenses. Furthermore, the new-growth factory project are a large project. It might cause of many problems. For example, the problem of return revenue from this investment may not enough to attract store owners to pay for franchises that might make the company to loss. However, innovation is the important aspect in PG since it generate benefits more than drawbacks to the company and it make PG to be a leader in consumer products industry. The company creates and uses several theory and research of innovations to support th e business. For instance, it uses disruptive innovation theory to drive companyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s growth by using new offer that are simpler, more convenient, easier to access, or more affordable. From my point of view, PG should improve the innovation in company through using their experience that come from all people in the company because collective creativity easier to manage more than individual creativity which are unpredictable and uncontrollable. And the company can enhance strengths and deal with weaknesses of innovation by using sustainable innovation theory. Sustainable innovation rises continuous innovation and generates ideas in a more predictable way that make company to gain more and long benefits from them. The organization need to do three things to receive sustainable innovation (IHS, 2011). Firstly, the company empower innovation workers with knowledge. Secondly, it provide a framework for collaboration. Lastly, it give innovation workers the tools they need to p erform innovation activities. In conclusion, although PG is a leader in innovation, its innovation generated less profit to the company in the past because the company has some weaknesses to be considered, while it has several strengths which can be supported. The company should use its new research to develop the new-growth factory project that will encourage company to increase productivity of using innovations and create more new ideas, whereas its should take into account in sustainable innovation theory by creating sustainable plan to show the road map of the company. This leads PG to improve innovation in efficiency and generates long-term benefits. Furthermore, innovation managers should create an environment for group innovation more than individual since it is easier and predictable to control. They should understand the company and consumerà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s need and then use strategic innovation to improve their products and firm to be better and faster. If PG makes a n effort to improve and create innovative-growth business, the companyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s innovation portfolios are sufficient to be the main growth objective and increase a revenue significantly to the company in the future and make it to be a sustainable growth firm. References Brown, B and Anthony, S. D. (2011). How PG Tripled Its Innovation Success Rate: Inside the companys new-growth factory. Harvard Business Review. R1106C, pp.64-72 Favaro, K (2013). Does PG Need Product Innovation or Strategic Innovation?. [ONLINE] Available at: https://www.forbes.com/sites/boozandcompany/2013/07/12/does-pg-need-product-innovation-or-strategic-innovation/. [Last Accessed 13 February 2014]. Huston, L and Sakkab, N, (2006). Connect and Develop: Inside ProcterGambles New Model for Innovation. Havard Business Review. R0603C, pp.1-10 IHS (e.g. 2011). Sustainable Innovation. [ONLINE] Available at: https://inventionmachine.com/the-Invention-Machine-Blog/bid/53366/What-is-Sustainable-Innovation. [Last Accessed 13 February 2014]. PG (2014). PG Innovations. [ONLINE] Available at: https://www.pg.com/en_US/innovation/. [Last Accessed 12 February 2014]. Strategic Innovation Group, (2002). A framework for Strategic Innovation: From Breakthrough Inspiration to Busine ss Impact. 1st ed. USA: Piemont. Unilever (2014). Sustainable innovation. [ONLINE] Available at: https://www.unilever.com/innovation/innovationinunilever/Sustainableinnovation/. [Last Accessed 14 February 2014].

Essay Topics For Race and Ethnic Relations

Essay Topics For Race and Ethnic RelationsOne of the most important aspects of an essay writing career is finding race and ethnic relations essay topics. Many people put off reading ethnic relations essays because they fear what the topics may be about, but this fear does not have to be correct. Some topics for ethnic relations essays are as usual as family life, friendship, relationships and love. These topics can all be used to great effect and it would be quite helpful to get people to discuss their views on them in class or when doing research in their school.The actual subject of an essay topic is often the deciding factor as to how well the topic will be received by the student. It can be as simple as a short comment on the amazing weather in a certain area, a single paragraph that contains a bit of humor, a very dramatic story about a difference of opinion, or a letter to the editor piece. There are many more topics that can be used as essays, and with a little creativity the diversity of topic can be far greater than what you could come up with by simply selecting one essay topic.Writing about a particular theme is much more useful than choosing a random one, because it gives a different look to your essay. The reader is more likely to see the topic and come to a more focused point when he or she sees something that is different from what they are used to. With a topic such as a story of a struggle between cultures, the reader will be left wondering what your point is, or why you are writing the story.It's never too late to start writing about a topic that you feel passionate about. As a student it is almost always going to be best to put yourself in the shoes of the other person who will read your essay topic. So when you write, try to make it something you are curious about. Perhaps the essay will bring up some other topic that is not talked about in the class, or will give you insight into how your own culture or religion fits into the world.If you d ecide to go ahead and write about race and ethnic relations, then it is important to create a topic that is both interesting and meaningful. Use the information you gather to share some stories about events, places and things you have learned about, so that you will get a better idea of what you are writing about.But before you can put anything into your essay you must think about how much the topic will affect the overall impact of your essay. The impact will depend on how much you can bring information to the reader, if you can highlight any potential arguments, or if you can make your topic seems well thought out.When you are writing, make sure that you choose a topic that you are interested in. The reason why is because you want to be original, but also because you want the reader to feel you are passionate about what you are writing about. You can also talk about topics that you think the reader would be interested in, but make sure you read the topic carefully.

Biography of Brian May, Rock Star and Astronomer

In the late 1960s, Brian Harold May was an eager student in physics, studying to become an astronomer. He also happened to be a gigging musician. In 1968, he came to musical attention with the band Smile, and later went on to headline tours as part of the band Queen. In 1974, he put his studies aside to perform and tour with Queen.   With the death in 1991 of lead singer Freddie Mercury, Brian May embarked on a solo career as a musician even while performing with Queen and other musicians. Yet, as he has often noted, his past as a scientist never strayed far from his mind. Eventually, Brian May went back to school to finish his work. In 2008, he was granted his Ph.D., and since then has  gone on to do more work in planetary science.   Fast Facts: Brian May Known For:  His astrophysics research on dust in the solar system as well as his role in the band QueenBorn: July 19, 1947 in Hampstead, EnglandParents: Fred and Ruth MayEducation: Hampton Grammar School;  Imperial College London, B.S. in 1968 with honors; Imperial College London, Ph.D. in  2008Key Accomplishments: Knighted  by Queen Elizabeth II in 2005 as a Knight Commander of the Order of the British Empire Early Years and Music Career Brian Harold May was born in Hampton, Middlesex, England on July 19, 1947. His father, Harold May, worked for the Ministry of Aviation. His mother Ruth, was of Scottish descent. May attended schools in the area, and  went on to study physics and mathematics at Imperial College, London. He graduated in 1968 and began studies toward his Ph.D. that year. He was first married to Christine Mullen in 1974 and they had three children. In 1986, he met actress Anita Dobson and subsequently divorced his first wife so they could marry. Dobson has been with May throughout his musical career with Queen as well as his solo musical performances. Brian May went on to become a world-famous musical performer both with his band, Queen, as well as a noted solo performer.   Career in Astrophysics As a graduate student, May had been interested in studying dust particles in the solar system and had published two research papers. Eager to resume that work, he enrolled as a graduate student again in 2006. He finished his studies and got himself back up to speed on studies of dust particles during the years hed been away touring as a musician. His thesis work, titled A Survey of Radial Velocities in the Zodiacal Dust Cloud was submitted in 2007,  37 years after he started the research. He used techniques of absorption spectroscopy and Doppler spectroscopy to study the light scattered by dust particles in the solar system. He did his work at Teide Observatory in the Canary Islands. After review by his advisors and a thesis committee, Brian Mays thesis was accepted. He was awarded his doctorate on May 14, 2008.   May went on to become a visiting researcher at Imperial College, where he continues to do work.  He has also been involved the New Horizons mission to the planet Pluto as a science team collaborator due to his solar system work. He acted as chancellor of Liverpool John Moores University from 2008-2013 and has appeared numerous times on such programs as BBCs Sky at Night show. He wrote books with the late astronomer Sir Patrick Moore and writer Chris Lintott. Activism and Additional Interests Thanks to his work with the late Sir  Moore, May participated in the efforts to save Moores estate and effects. He is also an avid supporter of animal rights and animal welfare. He continues to raise funds and awareness of issues involving wildlife in the UK and elsewhere. May has contributed his musical talents to spread the word about issues involving hunting and culling of animals in his home country.   Quite apart from his activities in astronomy, music, and animal rights, Brian May is also a collector of Victorian stereography.  He has written a book about T.R. Williams, the English stereographer. This hobby started when May was still in graduate school in the 1970s and has given him a massive collection of stereo pair images. He has also patented a viewer called the Owl Viewer, which  can be used to examine the stereographic scenes in his latest book.   Accomplishments In addition to his immense success with the band Queen, Brian May has achieved notable success in the field of astrophysics. Asteroid 52665 Brianmay was named after him, as was a species of damselfly  (heteragron brianmayi). In 2005, he was given a Commander of the Most Excellent Order of the British Empire (CBE) by Queen Elizabeth II for his achievements in music.  He is a Fellow of the Royal Astronomical Society. Sources â€Å"BRIAN MAY BIOGRAPHY.†Ã‚  BRIANMAY.COM || THE OFFICIAL BRIAN MAY WEBSITE, brianmay.com/brian/biog.html.â€Å"Secret Science Nerds: Queens Lead Guitarist Brian May Is an Astrophysicist.†Ã‚  Nerdist, 22 Aug. 2016, nerdist.com/secret-science-nerds-queens-lead-guitarist-brian-may-is-an-astrophysicist/.Talbert, Tricia. â€Å"Rock Star/Astrophysicist Dr. Brian May Backstage With New Horizons.†Ã‚  NASA, NASA, 21 July 2015, www.nasa.gov/feature/rock-starastrophysicist-dr-brian-may-goes-backstage-with-new-horizons.

Anti Social Disorder Essay - 2567 Words

Anti-Social Personality Disorder In a world full of fears, perhaps the worst one a human being should have is that to be afraid of his fellow man. The human that should be most feared is the one that has Anti-Social Personality Disorder or in laymens terms the psychopath. The psychopath is probably the most deviant mind that exists and treatment is not very successful because there is not a cure or drug to control it. The solution in my mind to control the problem of sociopaths is to let them live in colonies with each other. Through my research I will develop an understanding of this personality disorder and convince you the reader that my solution might be a viable solution. The sociopath is a combination of other mental†¦show more content†¦The behavior of a sociopath is so close to normal it is extremely hard to diagnose. A sociopath is a person that acts against society and their sole purpose it seems is to act against the laws of the given land their end. The sociopath will in most cases become violent and abuse drugs and alcohol to facilitate the violent behavior. The violence in many cases is the result of sub-concious decisions that might lead to murdering or assaulting someone for no reason. When a sociopath is attacking someone they will inflict more pain if the victim fights back. The lack of moral development lets the person feel no guilt or pain for what they did and quite possibly feel great about their actions. A sociopath has little self regard for themselves and pays little attention to their own personal safety when picking fights. Quite often they will be outsized and get hurt. Some sociopaths are non-violent and stay out of prison by doing small crimes like swindling and insurance fraud. It is possible that a sociopath will come from a normal home but their are more that do not. A sociopath has the opposite morals of society and by doing things like beating up people that are stronger than them they feel like they did something positive. A psychopath is very reactive and will blow their cool because of little things and no doubt assault the person they are reacting to. There is a possibility that saratonin a chemical that is linked to behavior hasShow MoreRelatedAnti Social Personality Disorder?1866 Words   |  8 PagesIntroduction Anti-social personality disorder is a relatively new umbrella term that includes the definitions of both the disorders of psychopath, and sociopath. Anti-social personality disorder was added to the 5th Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders which was published in 2009 yet the terms psychopath and sociopath have histories that date back to the 19th and the 1930’s respectively. 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All of these disorders are very common in people who disregard both the law and social norms, have no shame or guilt, and are occasionally violent; such asRead MoreA Short Note On Anti Social Personality Disorder1733 Words   |  7 PagesFurther Studies in Anti-Social Personality Disorder Anthony Williams Independent Study As I dive further into searching for understanding of the diagnosis of Anti-Social Personality Disorder (APD), I’ve learned that there are many twists and turns along the way. Although the previous paper focused mainly on the interview with Dr Weise and the system of incarceration that fed the notion of using a diagnosis to classify and segregate African-Americans, there is so much more toRead MoreSymptoms And Symptoms Of Anti Social Personality Disorder ( Aspd )924 Words   |  4 PagesQuestion No. 1: (Diagnosis and Symptoms Anti-social personality disorder (ASPD) is a chronic mental condition in which a person s ways of thinking, perceiving situations and relating to others are dysfunctional — and destructive. Persons with ASPD are often referred to as sociopaths or psychopaths and fail to conform to the social norm. The typical onset of ASPD is before the age of 8 years old and is fully evident between your twenty and thirties. The symptoms that are related with ASPD areRead MoreAnti Social Personality Disorder As Portrayed By Christian Bale2697 Words   |  11 Pages Anti-Social Personality Disorder in American Psycho as Portrayed by Christian Bale Martin Uli Bronx Community College Psychology 31 D - 04 November 2014 Abstract This paper utilizes three published articles as well as Patrick Bateman, the main character in the movie â€Å"American Psycho† to form a report on Antisocial personality disorder. The articles vary in their approach to the disorder, with each tackling a different aspect of Antisocial personality disorder. AllanRead More Psychopathy and Anti-Social Personality Disorder (ASPD) Essays3641 Words   |  15 Pagesfor many interesting story lines in books, television and movies. The idea of the ‘psychopath’ is usually misunderstood and merged with other dispositions such as Anti-Social Personality Disorder (ASPD), but these concepts are two distinct entities. Defining a ‘psychopath’ is a difficult task. Frist, psychopathy is a trait and not a disorder (Strickland et al, 2013). Characterizing psychopathy using the Diagnostic Statistical Manual Fifth Edition (DSM-V) has demonstrated effective trait-based coverageRead MoreAnti Social Personality Disorder Is C ategorized Under The Erratic Cluster Of Personality Disorders Essay1265 Words   |  6 PagesAnti-Social Personality Disorder is categorized under the erratic cluster of personality disorders. According to the DSM-V, ASPD is a pattern of disregard for, and violation of, the rights of others that begins in childhood or early adolescence and continues into adulthood. For ASPD diagnosis, the individual must be at least 18 years old. However, the individual must have displayed symptoms of conduct disorder before the age of 15. The main characteristic of conduct disorder is persistent patternsRead MoreThe Dispersal Of Discipline1258 Words   |  5 Pagesï » ¿The dispersal of discipline in the UK via Anti-Social Behaviour legislation In recent years the Criminal Justice System has argued to reduce the prison population by incorporating punishment in the community through use of anti-social behaviour legislation (Gibbs, 2009). Behaviour once not suitable for criminalisation has been dubbed anti-social that may cause ‘harassment, alarm or distress’ (Home Office, 2003) which requires a form of punitive focus to prohibit risk to society, however the definition

Cyberspace Of Business Ethics Essay - 1590 Words

The cyber world has become a most important part of our everyday lives. We spend an increasingly significant portion of our lives in it and use it to communicate with friends, acquaintances, loved ones, and business associates. We make use of our computers and Internet connectivity to look for and purchase all kinds of goods and services. We use the web and all its powerful resources to educate ourselves and to gain knowledge. We are able to look for, join and keep up with special interest groups and to discuss topics of interest to us. We research serious as well as mundane issues on line.†¦show more content†¦It is important to note that what is unethical is not necessarily illegal. In our everyday life, many individuals and organizations faced with common ethical problems. There have been developments in biology and cybernetics that lead to a comprehensive theory of morality in which the rational nature of ethics can more easily be explained. Not only can the rise of ethi cal systems be linked to biological concepts, but ethics can be tied to mathematical concepts as well by way of cybernetic science. When ethics and cybernetics are combined, the resulting theory turns on scientific principles instead of philosophical speculations. There are several important ideas linked to the emergence of ethical systems: †¢ Ethical systems evolve in response to the human need to survive in an environment where they are competing with many other organisms for scarce resources; †¢ Humans survive and flourish by efficiently using their resources and energies; †¢ The evolution of ethical systems is a function of an ongoing cybernetic process involving all humans, animals, and organisms. 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There are some common boilerplate provisions for contracts such as arbitration, jurisdiction, and waivers to name a few. Contracts are negotiated between business and unions. U.S. Newswire reported, â€Å"Our dedicated members work hard everyday, servicing hundreds of hotel patron while battling the elements year-round. They have the right to a new contract and deserve to be treated with dignity and respect.†Read MoreAn Information Security Program Mission1462 Words   |  6 Pagesa way that â€Å"aligns with organizational strategies by evaluating business requirements, applicable laws, regulations, standards, and best practices† (Module 2). More importantly businesses, governments, and other types of organizations need to incorporate cyber security to conduct business transactions, share information, and interact with customers and suppliers. 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This means do unto others as other do unto you. The second rule of Netiquette is to adhere to the same standards of behavior online that you follow in real life (Shea). Because people sometimes forget that there is a human being on the other side of the computer, some people think that a lower standard of ethics or personal behavior

J.L. Mackies Evil and Omnipotence Essay - 1652 Words

J.L. Mackies Evil and Omnipotence The philosopher J.L. Mackie wrote a very convincing piece on the problem of evil called â€Å"Evil and Omnipotence,† in which he attempts to show that one of the following premises must be false in order for them to be consistent with each other. #1. God is omnipotent. #2. God is morally perfect. #3. Evil exists. The problem of evil is a deductive a priori argument who’s goal is to prove the non-existence of God. In addition to Mackie’s three main premises he also introduces some â€Å"quasi-logical† rules that give further evidence to his argument. First he presumes that a good thing will eliminate evil to the extent that it can and second, that omnipotence has no limits. From these two â€Å"additional†¦show more content†¦Mackie saves the strongest and probably the most popular theistic response to this argument for last. The free will solution claims that the existence of 2nd order evils is not a product of God but of mankind’s own freewill. The supporters of this claim hold that freedom is a good even greater than 2nd order goods and believe that God is justified for letting 2nd order evils exist in exchange for the ultimate good of freedom. This is to say that even though God is omnipotent he chooses not to use his power to control the will of men. In comparison to the first two theistic responses this one seems to be the best. So it is surprising how easily Mackie disproves it. He asks, if God is all good and all powerful, and if free will is good enough to justify 2nd order evils, why didn’t he create men so that they would freely choose to do good? The only possible objection to this is to say that God’s power is limited and that he is not omnipotent. Also if God is omniscient doesn’t he already know the outcomes of the men which he has created? To truly allow man to have free will God would have to restrict his own power in order to be unable to control men and this leads us to the Paradox of omnipotence. Another attempt to prove the problem of evil is the evidential version of the argument. This argument attempts to show inductively that the existence of God is not likely. This form is muchShow MoreRelatedProblem Of Evil And The Free Will Defense1038 Words   |  5 PagesGall Harari PHI2010 Kearns 19 October 2017 Problem of Evil and the Free Will Defense Evil is something that exists in many forms. From big evils like Hitler’s Holocaust and slavery, to small evils like getting a papercut and getting stuck in the rain (perhaps to some this might be a big evil), evil is basically anything that is not good. For theologians, evil poses several problems, most notably when it comes to the existence of God. To most theologists, God has a set definition. God is definedRead More The God and Evil Problem Essay2279 Words   |  10 PagesThe God and Evil Problem A strong argument against the existence of a Christian God is contained in the theodicy problem. The existence of suffering is not compatible with an omniscient, omnipotent, omni benevolent superior being. An all-knowing being would be aware that suffering is and always will be in existence; an all-powerful being would be able to prevent suffering; and a perfectly good being would desire to end suffering. Many Christian thinkers have sought to justify this contradictionRead MoreThe Age Old Question That Is Still Being Debated Essay1888 Words   |  8 Pagesof the big questions such as: How can a good God allow suffering? Why does evil exist? Is God like many have attributed to Him, a watchmaker, who winds us up and lets it go until it runs out? How could God allow the Holocaust? The theological field of inquiry called â€Å"theodicy†, which investigates the basic question: If God is all powerful (omnipotent), all knowing (omniscient), and all-good, (omni-benevolent) how c an evil and injustice exist? Since reading Elie Wiesel’s soul shattering Night, thisRead MoreThe Problem Of Evil And The Field Of Social Work1905 Words   |  8 PagesThe problem of evil can be one of the hardest obstacles to overcome when it comes to believing in God. The fact that evil does not disprove God’s existence but, rather the existence of evil can be argued for the existence of God. The following will analyze the coexistence of God and evil through a series of steps in order to better defend the Christian faith through the intellectual defense, emotional arguments and connections to the field of social work. My professional future will be comprisedRead MoreFor God So Loved the World Essays923 Words   |  4 Pagesand God needed them in Heaven. Not satisfied with his answer, this experience haunted me for much of my childhood. Would God allow this to happen to me? I spent many years searching for answers. I recently read Richard Swinburne’s The Problem of Evil and realized that he confirmed the answers that I had found throughout the years. He argues that God created us as free agents in an imperfect world where we can learn right from wrong and build moral character from our experiences. Swinburne says

Pharmaceutical Mathematics Administering Medication

Question: Discuss about the Pharmaceutical Mathematicsfor Administering Medication. Answer: Definition of Pharmaceutical Mathematics Pharmaceutical Mathematics is the application of measurement and calculation tools for preparing, prescribing and administering medication. The major mathematical approaches considered for application in the field of pharmacy are statistical analysis methods, quantitative analysis and algebraic equations. Pharmaceutical mathematics enables a pharmacist to measure the proportion of ingredient for contributing to a proper medication mix (Prasacu and Mircioiu 2013). History/ Introduction to Pharmaceutical Mathematics One of the most promising areas of study and research for the specialists in pharmacy is the calculations utilised in pharmaceutical sciences. An individual might be having a vast knowledge of pharmacy; however, if the individual does not have the knowledge of mathematical calculations, he is not able to apply the learnt knowledge of pharmaceuticals in practice. Accurately performed calculations in matters of pharmacy is a critical component in the delivery of optimal patient care in all environments of pharmacy practice. It is also the duty of all technicians to carry out this responsibility. Though pharmaceutical calculations are not exaggeratedly critical, they always warrant flawless accuracy. Proper calculations lead to better patient outcomes since the better methods for treatment and prevention can inform best attempts for optimising patient care. For efficiently preparing and dispensing medications, it is desirable that a professional has the ability to perform a wide range o f calculations that are useful int he process of formulating medicines while their production is being considered. One must be continually aware of the scenario of patient harm that is likely to happen if an error occurs in the dosage calculation. It is, therefore, crucial for professionals to have adequate knowledge of calculation methods and to apply them in practice. Learning pharmaceutical is a step-by-step process where one step is dependent to a large extent on another. A good foundation base is necessary to support all the gathered knowledge, which is usually based on a well-rounded understanding of basic mathematical calculations. Technicians are expected to have sound knowledge of basic calculations like addition, subtraction, multiplication and division, while emphasising on metric conversions and other similar forms of calculations. This is to include knowledge of a traditional weight system used by apothecaries known as the apothecary system as well as basic household measurements and weights. In a natural progression, the mathematic calculations that are commonly applied are Roman and Arabic Numerals, Fractions and Decimals, Ratios, proportions, and percentages (Rees, Smith and Watson 2015). Application of Pharmaceutical Maths Before 2010 Important characteristics of mathematics have overlapped with other major disciplines of science, including pharmaceutical. A large number of researchers have considered medicine to be a vital area where mathematics is to be applied. Mathematics is being constantly applied in the field of pharmacy for designing the alterations in the targeted therapies. The basic areas where pharmaceutical mathematics were applied before the year 2010 were temperature scale conversions, working with prescriptions, basic medication calculations, basic infusion calculations, calculations for billing compounds, pharmacy business maths and parenteral dosage calculations. Temperature scale conversions were applied for adjusting temperature since temperature is vital for storage of medications owing to the need of maintaining the stability of the medications. The two temperatures that are commonly referred to for this purpose are Fahrenheit and Celcius. Calculations were necessary for decoding the essentia l informations embedded in prescriptions. This was in regards to the communication of information on medication formulation, preparation, dosage regimen as well as administration of medication. The goal was to demystify the drug nomenclature. Basic concepts of mathematics were applied for calculation of dosages while administrating medications in capsule or tablet form and liquid form. Percentage of the strength of the medication of solutions were also carried out. Basic infusion calculations had been considered for dilution of stock solutions, infusion rates, calculation of dosages on the basis of the weight of the body of the patient and paediatric dosing. The ratio-proportion method had been widely used for this purpose. Previously, calculations were done for billing compounds that took into consideration cost of ingredients, dispensing fee and cost of time. Pharmacists were, as a result, able to take part in the financial aspects of pharmacy dispersal and exchange. Pharmacy business maths-enabled the pharmacists to cultivate the art of pharmacy and successfully take care of inventory receiving and purchasing at the time of turnover. Parenteral dosage calculations were done for the administration of medications through routes apart from the GI tract (Langley and Perrie 2014). Advancement of Pharmaceutical Maths Between 2010-2017 It is to be highlighted that pharmaceutical mathematics has witnessed the major transformation in the last seven years. Some drastic advancements have come into limelight within this period in the context of pharmaceutical mathematic that have contributed to prosperity in pharmaceutical science. As one of the most trusted professionals, it is expected at the present times that pharmacists dispense medications accurately by correctly carrying out pharmaceutical calculations. Applications of Mathematics in Industrial Pharmacy and Pharmacokinetics is found to have witnessed major developments in last one decade. Application of mathematics has evolved mainly in the field of institutional pharmacy. Institutional pharmacy refers to the practice of pharmacy for diagnosis and treatment of patients in long-term care facilities, family planning clinics, public health facilities, drug abuse treatment centers, convalescent homes, nursing homes, hospitals, rehabilitation centers, developmental di sability centers, extended care facilities, psychiatric centers, penal institutions, hospice, mental health facilities, and athletic facilities. With the application of mathematics, the technician in the contemporary world is able to handle a wide range of tasks from compounding of sterile products to chemotherapy and calculation of radioactive decay of an isotope used for application in stress tests. Pharmacist technician is making a remarkable improvement in delivering nutritional interventions to patients with diverse needs as they are now able to handle the application of micronutrients and macronutrients, precipitation concerns, calculation of calorie requirements for patients and determination of PN volume. Another area where pharmaceutical calculations are making developments is aliquot. An aliquot is the small amount of medication that is used for a variety of purposes. These include calculation of minimum measurable quantity (MMQ), calculation of desensitisation therapies a nd calculations of solids below the MMQ (Hyma 2017). References Hyma, P. 2017.Pharmaceutical mathematics with application to pharmacy. 1st ed. Langley, C. and Perrie, Y., 2014.Maths Skills for Pharmacy: Unlocking Pharmaceutical Calculations. Oxford University Press. Prasacu, I. and Mircioiu, C., 2013.Elements of Mathematics Applied in Pharmaceutical Sciences. " Carol Davila" University Press. Rees, J.A., Smith, I. and Watson, J., 2015.Introduction to pharmaceutical calculations. Pharmaceutical Press.